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Title: Simplifying Deferred Taxes.
Creator: Conrecode, Jacqueline, Valencia, Adrian, Volkan, Ara, Burgess, Deanna
Abstract / Description: This paper summarizes the asset/liability approach described in Accounting Standard Codification Topic 740 and highlights four flaws in the current accounting standards. The paper proposes three alternatives to the asset/liability method offering improvements in the current standard and avenues for future research. Empirical evidence for these alternatives is provided demonstrating increases in the debt-equity ratio and resulting improvements in the relevance/reliability of this important...
Show moreThis paper summarizes the asset/liability approach described in Accounting Standard Codification Topic 740 and highlights four flaws in the current accounting standards. The paper proposes three alternatives to the asset/liability method offering improvements in the current standard and avenues for future research. Empirical evidence for these alternatives is provided demonstrating increases in the debt-equity ratio and resulting improvements in the relevance/reliability of this important benchmark in investment decisions.
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Date Issued: 2012-01-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000341
Format: Citation

Title: Industry specific impact of simplifying deferred taxes.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Valencia, Adrian, Acheampong, Daniel
Abstract / Description: This paper summarizes the asset/liability approach described in Accounting Standard Codification Topic 740 and highlights the flaws in the current accounting standards. The paper proposes an alternative to the asset/liability method, offering improvements in the current standard and avenues for future research. Industry specific empirical evidence for this alternative is provided for the pre- and post-financial crisis periods. The results generally demonstrate decreases in the debt-equity...
Show moreThis paper summarizes the asset/liability approach described in Accounting Standard Codification Topic 740 and highlights the flaws in the current accounting standards. The paper proposes an alternative to the asset/liability method, offering improvements in the current standard and avenues for future research. Industry specific empirical evidence for this alternative is provided for the pre- and post-financial crisis periods. The results generally demonstrate decreases in the debt-equity ratio, improving the relevance and reliability of this important benchmark in investment decisions. In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Foundation selected ASC-740 for its post-implementation review process. The review will assess the standard’s effectiveness in both the accounting guidance it provides and information disclosed to investors. The adoption of the accounting method proposed in this paper will address the deficiencies inherent in ASC-740 and provide input to the post-implementation review of ASC-740.
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Date Issued: 2013-07-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000354
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Controversies In Accounting For Post-Retirement Benefits.
Creator: Conrecode, Jacqueline, Bachan, Sharon A., Fleming, Ella, Volkan, Ara
Abstract / Description: SFAS 158 addresses certain reporting and disclosure problems identified in prior standards concerning postretirement benefits. We present several controversies that the FASB left unanswered and plans to address in the future. Accountants, financial analysts, and investor groups have a huge stake in these answers.
Date Issued: 2008-09-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000343
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Accounting For Deferred Taxes: Time For A Change.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Rue, Joseph, Colley, Ron, Valencia, Adrian
Abstract / Description: This study examines the theory underlying the current accounting and reporting standards for deferred taxes. Given the goal of global accounting convergence and under the proposed condorsement approach, the FASB and the IASB have a historic opportunity to revise the existing deferred tax accounting standards. Thus, it is warranted to illustrate the financial consequences of using the proposed flow-through (where tax expense is equal to the statutory tax liability) approach versus the asset...
Show moreThis study examines the theory underlying the current accounting and reporting standards for deferred taxes. Given the goal of global accounting convergence and under the proposed condorsement approach, the FASB and the IASB have a historic opportunity to revise the existing deferred tax accounting standards. Thus, it is warranted to illustrate the financial consequences of using the proposed flow-through (where tax expense is equal to the statutory tax liability) approach versus the asset-liability method of accounting for deferred taxes. We achieve this objective by computing the change in the debt-to-equity (DTE) ratios for the 2004-2010 period when net deferred tax balances are eliminated and corresponding adjustments are made in the total liability and stockholders equity balances. Based on our observations, we propose that the underlying issue in accounting for deferred taxes is the unit problem and argue that deferred taxes do not represent assets and liabilities as defined by accounting standards.
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Date Issued: 2012-03-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000355, 10.19030/jber.v10i3.6873
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: An Alternative Method Of Accounting For Stock Options.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Smith, Thomas, Valencia, Adrian
Abstract / Description: Currently, the grant date fair value of employee stock options is expensed over the vesting period. Our study introduces a new valuation approach for stock options and examines the impact of this change on earning per share (EPS) for a sample of firms over the period 2002-2011. The new valuation approach provides data useful to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) as it determines whether to revise the current option accounting rules. Under the proposed approach, options are valued...
Show moreCurrently, the grant date fair value of employee stock options is expensed over the vesting period. Our study introduces a new valuation approach for stock options and examines the impact of this change on earning per share (EPS) for a sample of firms over the period 2002-2011. The new valuation approach provides data useful to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) as it determines whether to revise the current option accounting rules. Under the proposed approach, options are valued at their intrinsic value on the grant date (i.e., the opportunity cost or the economic promise associated with the difference between the exercise price of the option and the market price of the stock at each measurement date) and further revalued each reporting date until the options are exercised.
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Date Issued: 2014-03-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000353, 10.19030/jabr.v30i2.8415
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Reporting Contingencies: Environmental Liabilities.
Creator: Conrecode, Jacqueline, Andrews, Christine P., Fernandez, Daniel
Abstract / Description: The dawn of environmental regulation in the late 1960’s and its proliferation through the early 1980’s resulted in a new regulatory climate for business and increased potential contingent liabilities. Recent efforts toward convergence with international accounting standards increase disclosure and improve transparency for decision makers but also impact financial reporting. This article uses a case study set in the context of potential liability under the federal Comprehensive Environmental...
Show moreThe dawn of environmental regulation in the late 1960’s and its proliferation through the early 1980’s resulted in a new regulatory climate for business and increased potential contingent liabilities. Recent efforts toward convergence with international accounting standards increase disclosure and improve transparency for decision makers but also impact financial reporting. This article uses a case study set in the context of potential liability under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) to illustrate financial reporting with respect to uncertain environmental liabilities under current and proposed requirements of Financial Accounting Standard 5 Accounting for Contingencies (SFAS 5), now known as Accounting Standards Update 450 (ASU 450). Financial reporting under the proposed requirements provides increased transparency for users and more complete information upon which to make decisions.
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Date Issued: 2012-03-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000342, 10.19030/jbcs.v8i2.6797
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: The Folklore of Academic Freedom in a Public University - Truths, Half Truths and Contract Privileges.
Creator: Fernandez, Daniel, Wright-Isak, Chris, Placid, Raymond
Abstract / Description: This article addresses recent case law that could alter the course of academic freedom in the twenty-first century for a public university. We examine current folklore that Academic Freedom may be a right that: a) gives the institution the right to determine for itself on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to study; b) grants the faculty the right to research and teach without interference from non-peers; and c) is a special...
Show moreThis article addresses recent case law that could alter the course of academic freedom in the twenty-first century for a public university. We examine current folklore that Academic Freedom may be a right that: a) gives the institution the right to determine for itself on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to study; b) grants the faculty the right to research and teach without interference from non-peers; and c) is a special concern of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. We find truths, half truths and conduct an historical re-examination of rights, finding them to be privileges that need faculty vigilance to retain them. While each one of the above statements describing what “may be rights” are true, each of them are half-truths which have contributed to a common folklore about academic freedom. We conclude, in light of the recent case law, that academic freedom is a contractual privilege that should be closely guarded by members of the academy for future generations.
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Date Issued: 2013-01-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000347
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Proposed Leasing Standard: Impact on the Airline Industry.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Castellanos, Juliana, Solarte, Orlando, Afre, Gabriela, Ross, Cynthia, Vasic, Sladjana, Burgess, Deanna
Abstract / Description: Operating lease obligations avoid balance sheet recognition. Critics assert that these off-balance sheet arrangements lack transparency. To address the criticism, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued a leasing proposal that requires balance sheet reporting of most right-of-use leased assets and debt, and improves alignment with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) standards. This paper summarizes the current status of the FASB lease proposal and illustrates...
Show moreOperating lease obligations avoid balance sheet recognition. Critics assert that these off-balance sheet arrangements lack transparency. To address the criticism, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued a leasing proposal that requires balance sheet reporting of most right-of-use leased assets and debt, and improves alignment with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) standards. This paper summarizes the current status of the FASB lease proposal and illustrates the anticipated impact on airlines - an industry heavily reliant on operating leases. Finally, the paper recommends steps for implementing the standard.
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Date Issued: 2015-01-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000351
Format: Citation

Title: Measuring the Economic Promise Imbedded in Stock Options.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Pinello, Arianna, Valencia, Adrian
Abstract / Description: On Jun 6, 2014, the CPA Letter Daily reported that, with convergence nearly complete, FASB will turn its focus to the simplification of accounting standards. In that vein, this article introduces a theoretical model of measuring stock options expense (SOE): the economic promise (EP) model. Although FASB contends that the market value of a company's stock should not be used in determining its equity and that changes in value should not be recognized in earnings, the authors of this article...
Show moreOn Jun 6, 2014, the CPA Letter Daily reported that, with convergence nearly complete, FASB will turn its focus to the simplification of accounting standards. In that vein, this article introduces a theoretical model of measuring stock options expense (SOE): the economic promise (EP) model. Although FASB contends that the market value of a company's stock should not be used in determining its equity and that changes in value should not be recognized in earnings, the authors of this article agree that the market value of a company's stock must be used to accurately measure and report SOE. This EP model determines total SOE at intrinsic values -- that is, the difference between the stock's market price and option price at a given date. The authors expect SOE estimated under the EP model to significantly differ from SOE reported under current rules; this suggests that, if adopted, the EP model would have a significant impact on amounts reported for net income and earnings per share.
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Date Issued: 2015-04-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000352
Format: Citation

Title: Consolidation Theories and Push-Down Accounting: Achieving Global Convergence.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Baluch, Catherine, Cohen, Reuben, Kushi, Edmond, Ruci, Elona S., Tucker, Pamela, Burgess, Deanna
Abstract / Description: This paper examines the parent, entity, and traditional theories of consolidation with a focus on the relevance and representational faithfulness of the information each provides to decision makers. In addition, push-down accounting procedures are examined to determine if they can be used to eliminate the complexity of the consolidation process. Finally, FAS 141R, FAS 160, and International Financial Reporting Standards for business combinations are evaluated and revisions recommended to...
Show moreThis paper examines the parent, entity, and traditional theories of consolidation with a focus on the relevance and representational faithfulness of the information each provides to decision makers. In addition, push-down accounting procedures are examined to determine if they can be used to eliminate the complexity of the consolidation process. Finally, FAS 141R, FAS 160, and International Financial Reporting Standards for business combinations are evaluated and revisions recommended to achieve global convergence in this area.
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Date Issued: 2010-07-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000358
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: GAAP/Tax Differences in Accounting for Nonqualified Employee Stock Options: TheGathering Storm.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Rue, Joseph, Placid, Raymond
Abstract / Description: The escalating size of compensation packages to senior managers and investor disillusionment resulted in the issuance of FAS 123(R). Under the current rules, the grant date fair value of employee stock options (ESO) are expensed over the vesting period. The two primary methods used to value ESO are the Black-Scholes closed form equation and the lattice model. Several studies suggested an alternative Simple model for valuing ESO that marks the option expense to market in succeeding financial...
Show moreThe escalating size of compensation packages to senior managers and investor disillusionment resulted in the issuance of FAS 123(R). Under the current rules, the grant date fair value of employee stock options (ESO) are expensed over the vesting period. The two primary methods used to value ESO are the Black-Scholes closed form equation and the lattice model. Several studies suggested an alternative Simple model for valuing ESO that marks the option expense to market in succeeding financial statement dates and allows for the staggered exercise dates of option holders. This approach is easy to understand, would have a low cost of implementation, and offers a superior estimate of the true cash flow effects and economic injury associated with the opportunity cost to shareholders of ESO exercise. Moreover, the Simple model would head off another threat to the legitimacy of the FASB that is unfolding in the U.S. Congress as Senator Carl Levin holds hearings on ESO in the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations to decide what to do about the multi-billion dollar gap between what companies report to stockholders as ESO expense and what they deduct on their tax returns. In addition, this gap results in highly controversial rules of accounting and reporting for the favorable impact of the deductions in the financial statements.
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Date Issued: 2008-09-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000362
Format: Citation

Title: Real Estate Appraisers and the Revised Tax Preparer Penalty Statute: Evolution, Rules, and Reality.
Creator: Weeks, Henry, Placid, Raymond, Cecil, Howard
Abstract / Description: Persons who perform appraisals that impact a federal tax return can be penalized if they do not comply with the standards governing tax return preparation. In the past, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) standards of care were highly subjective and the tax preparer penalty statute was limited to federal income tax returns. New IRS standards of care are more objective and rigorous. Additionally, the scope of the tax preparer penalty statute has been broadened to include preparers of estate and...
Show morePersons who perform appraisals that impact a federal tax return can be penalized if they do not comply with the standards governing tax return preparation. In the past, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) standards of care were highly subjective and the tax preparer penalty statute was limited to federal income tax returns. New IRS standards of care are more objective and rigorous. Additionally, the scope of the tax preparer penalty statute has been broadened to include preparers of estate and gift tax returns. This article discusses provisions and situations in which appraisers could be considered tax preparers subject to penalties by the IRS.
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Date Issued: 2010-10-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000683
Format: Citation

Title: No More Scandals: A Simple Model for Valuing Employee Stock Options.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Finch, J. Howard, Rue, Joseph
Abstract / Description: The escalating size of compensation packages to senior managers and investor disillusionment have resulted in growing calls for the expensing of employee stock options (ESO). While initially slow to respond, the FASB has now mandated the expensing of ESO. The two primary methods used to value ESO, the Black-Scholes closed form equation and the lattice model, suffer from several deficiencies .A Simple model for valuing ESO that marks the option expense to market in succeeding financial...
Show moreThe escalating size of compensation packages to senior managers and investor disillusionment have resulted in growing calls for the expensing of employee stock options (ESO). While initially slow to respond, the FASB has now mandated the expensing of ESO. The two primary methods used to value ESO, the Black-Scholes closed form equation and the lattice model, suffer from several deficiencies .A Simple model for valuing ESO that marks the option expense to market in succeeding financial statement dates and allows for the staggered exercise dates of option holders is available. The model is easy to understand, would have a low cost of implementation, and offers a superior estimate of the true cash flow effects associated with the opportunity cost to shareholders of ESO exercise.
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Date Issued: 2007-03-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000364
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Stability of Money Multipliers: Evidence from Turkey.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Saatcioglu, Cem, Korap, H. Levent
Abstract / Description: This paper investigates whether the money multiplier process in the Turkish economy is stable and can be forecasted. Research results show that the processes which convert the base money supply into the final monetary aggregates are unstable and decrease the effectiveness of monetary policies pursued by the CBRT. In addition, the sub-components of the money multiplier do not support a stable money multiplier process, indicating that traditional monetarist prescriptions for the conduct of...
Show moreThis paper investigates whether the money multiplier process in the Turkish economy is stable and can be forecasted. Research results show that the processes which convert the base money supply into the final monetary aggregates are unstable and decrease the effectiveness of monetary policies pursued by the CBRT. In addition, the sub-components of the money multiplier do not support a stable money multiplier process, indicating that traditional monetarist prescriptions for the conduct of economic policy are not appropriate for the Turkish economy.
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Date Issued: 2006-10-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000365
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Deferred Taxes Revisited.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Colley, Ron, Rue, Joseph
Abstract / Description: The study examines the deferred tax accounting theory and procedures required by the FASB in the context of the unit problem. The unit problem involves the selection of the appropriate perspective (either individual or aggregate) for applying measurement and recognition conventions to phenomena of interest. From an individual event perspective, the FASB's conclusions regarding liability recognition are inconsistent with the definition of liabilities found in the Statement of Financial...
Show moreThe study examines the deferred tax accounting theory and procedures required by the FASB in the context of the unit problem. The unit problem involves the selection of the appropriate perspective (either individual or aggregate) for applying measurement and recognition conventions to phenomena of interest. From an individual event perspective, the FASB's conclusions regarding liability recognition are inconsistent with the definition of liabilities found in the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6. In addition, the use of inconsistent perspectives by S109 creates disagreements with the FASB’s position, where both the individual and aggregate perspectives are used simultaneously as the basis of the FASB's decisions. The study argues that the income tax accounting issue should be viewed from an aggregate perspective and concludes that the flow-through method of accounting for income taxes should be adopted. The impact of eliminating deferred taxes and adjusting the liability and stockholders equity balances on the debt-to-equity (DTE) ratio is computed for the entire COMPUSTAT database (20 years). For the 817 firms that persist throughout the 20-year period, each year, the net deferred tax balance for each company is compared to the balance in the previous year, with increases (53%) outnumbering decreases (32%), and the remainder (15%) showing no change. In addition, the average annual net deferred tax balances of entire sample show increases for the 15 of the 20 years examined and the balances for persisting firms show increases for 17 of the 20 years examined. Finally, the relative size of the net deferred tax balances as a percentage of total assets and total liabilities for both the overall sample and the persisting firms range from 4.1% to 5.8% of total assets and from 7.9% to 11.8% of total liabilities. Statistical results show that the decreases in the DTE ratio are significant for each year, with an overall average decrease of 19%. Thus, the flow-through method results in significant changes in a key ratio that is used in the financial evaluation of most companies. Conversely, the DTE ratios currently used in the financial evaluation of companies are flawed because the net deferred tax balances are included in liabilities, when it is clear that these accounts do not meet the liability criteria specified in accounting theory.
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Date Issued: 2004-08-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000369
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: The Market Reaction To Voluntary Stock Option Expense Recognition Announcements.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Best, Ronald, Lin, Bing-Xuan, Rue, Joseph
Abstract / Description: Recently, numerous firms announced that they would voluntarily begin recognizing the SFAS 123 expense. We use standard event-study methodology and regression analysis to analyze the equity valuation effects of these announcements. SFAS 123 requires firms to calculate the fair value of stock options granted but allows firms to either recognize the expense in their income statements or simply disclose the impact on net income in financial statement footnotes. Our results reveal statistically...
Show moreRecently, numerous firms announced that they would voluntarily begin recognizing the SFAS 123 expense. We use standard event-study methodology and regression analysis to analyze the equity valuation effects of these announcements. SFAS 123 requires firms to calculate the fair value of stock options granted but allows firms to either recognize the expense in their income statements or simply disclose the impact on net income in financial statement footnotes. Our results reveal statistically significant positive abnormal announcement period returns for the full sample of firms analyzed, with results mainly driven by firms that are early (July or August 2002 announcements) announcers. In addition, regressions confirm a significant negative relationship between the size of the stock option expense and the abnormal announcement returns.
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Date Issued: 2004-09-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000368
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Deferred Taxes in the Context of the Unit Problem.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Rue, Joseph, Colley, Ron
Abstract / Description: This article examines the theory underlying the current accounting and reporting standards for deferred taxes and concludes that using the flow-through accounting approach is a better fit for reporting this financial statement item than the asset-liability approach currently required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The authors propose that the underlying issue in accounting for deferred taxes is the unit problem as presented by Carl Devine. To obtain a perspective on the...
Show moreThis article examines the theory underlying the current accounting and reporting standards for deferred taxes and concludes that using the flow-through accounting approach is a better fit for reporting this financial statement item than the asset-liability approach currently required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The authors propose that the underlying issue in accounting for deferred taxes is the unit problem as presented by Carl Devine. To obtain a perspective on the magnitude and behavior of the deferred tax account balances reported by firms, 2,100 firms in 20 industries were observed approximately over a ten-year period (1997-2006). Most firms appear to postpone deferred tax reversals by utilizing tax planning strategies, allowing them to defer indefinitely the requirement to pay tax on earlier timing differences. Therefore, net deferred tax liability balances can be thought of as possible or remote contingencies rather than probable liabilities. To illustrate the financial consequences of using the approach where the tax expense is equal to the statutory tax liability instead of the expense reported under the current rules, the change in the debt-to-equity (DTE) ratios was computed for the firms in the sample by eliminating the net deferred tax balances from liabilities and adding them to equities.
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Date Issued: 2010-01-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000359
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Usefulness Of Derivative Instruments In Emerging Markets: Turkish Experience.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Saatcioglu, Cem, Karagul, Iskender
Abstract / Description: This article presents an overview of derivative markets, definitions of derivative investment instruments, development of global derivative markets and the applicability of derivative markets in Turkey, given their economic value added to the Turkish economy. Readers will acquire insight into investing in various investment instruments and hedging against risk. Turkish derivative markets will be described, supportive statistical data will be presented, and readers will be introduced to the...
Show moreThis article presents an overview of derivative markets, definitions of derivative investment instruments, development of global derivative markets and the applicability of derivative markets in Turkey, given their economic value added to the Turkish economy. Readers will acquire insight into investing in various investment instruments and hedging against risk. Turkish derivative markets will be described, supportive statistical data will be presented, and readers will be introduced to the development and current status of these derivative markets in the Turkish emerging market. Finally, the contribution of derivative instruments and derivative markets to the Turkish economy will be discussed.
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Date Issued: 2005-02-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000367
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: SFAS 141(R): Global Convergence And Massive Changes In M&A Accounting.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Andrews, Christine, Falmer, Jan, Riley, Jeannette, Todd, Carrie
Abstract / Description: The Financial Accounting Standards Board issued SFAS 141(R) in December 2007 to replace SFAS 141. Analyzing comment letters, industry publications, and articles, we evaluate problems that existed with SFAS 141 from the perspective of users, professionals, and the FASB; evaluate 141(R) to ascertain if these weaknesses were corrected; and propose solutions to some of the problems that still exist.
Date Issued: 2009-04-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000361
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Continuing Case Against Inter-Period Tax Allocation.
Creator: Volkan, Ara, Rue, Joseph, Colley, Ron
Abstract / Description: The annual and industry-based behavior of deferred tax balances is analyzed and the accounting theory and procedures required by the FASB are examined in the context of the unit problem. The unit problem involves the selection of the appropriate perspective (either individual or aggregate) for applying measurement and recognition conventions to phenomena of interest. From an individual event perspective, the FASB's conclusions regarding liability recognition are inconsistent with the...
Show moreThe annual and industry-based behavior of deferred tax balances is analyzed and the accounting theory and procedures required by the FASB are examined in the context of the unit problem. The unit problem involves the selection of the appropriate perspective (either individual or aggregate) for applying measurement and recognition conventions to phenomena of interest. From an individual event perspective, the FASB's conclusions regarding liability recognition are inconsistent with the definition of liabilities found in the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6. In addition, the use of inconsistent perspectives by S109 creates disagreements with the FASB’s position, where both the individual and aggregate perspectives are used simultaneously as the basis of the FASB's decisions. The impact of eliminating deferred taxes and adjusting the liability and stockholders equity balances on the debt-to-equity (DTE) ratio is computed for each year and 20 industries in the COMPUSTAT database (1997 – 2006). The change results in significant decreases in DTE each year and in all industries.
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Date Issued: 2009-06-01
Identifier: fgcu_ir_000360
Format: Document (PDF)

deferred taxes (4)	+ -
global convergence (4)	+ -
Debt-to-equity ratio (3)	+ -
Stock options. (3)	+ -
the Unit Problem (3)	+ -

Fair value--Accounting. (2)	+ -
Financial accounting standards (2)	+ -
Valuation. (2)	+ -
consolidation theory (2)	+ -
flow-through (2)	+ -
flow-through method (2)	+ -
Absorptive capacity (1)	+ -
Accounting for contingencies (1)	+ -
Accounting procedures (1)	+ -
Accounting--Standards. (1)	+ -
Airlines. (1)	+ -
Arbitration (1)	+ -
Big GAAP (1)	+ -
CERCLA (1)	+ -
Computer privacy (1)	+ -
Corporate governance. (1)	+ -
Corporate ownership (1)	+ -
Defamation (1)	+ -
Dispute resolution (1)	+ -
ESO (1)	+ -
Experience. (1)	+ -
FASB and IASB (1)	+ -
FASB statements -- SFAS 121 (1)	+ -
FASB statements -- SFAS 123 (1)	+ -
Federal legislation (1)	+ -

English (44)	+ -
eng (43)	+ -

Volkan, Ara (23)	+ -
Rue, Joseph (10)	+ -
Placid, Raymond (9)	+ -
Benford, Tanya (7)	+ -
Fernandez, Daniel (6)	+ -

Arnold, Vicky (5)	+ -
Sutton, Steve G. (5)	+ -
Valencia, Adrian (5)	+ -
Canada, Joseph (4)	+ -
Colley, Ron (4)	+ -
Wynekoop, Judy (4)	+ -
Burgess, Deanna (3)	+ -
Conrecode, Jacqueline (3)	+ -
Saatcioglu, Cem (3)	+ -
Weeks, Henry (3)	+ -
Andrews, Christine (2)	+ -
Baluch, Catherine (2)	+ -
Best, Ronald (2)	+ -
Cohen, Reuben (2)	+ -
Hunton, James E. (2)	+ -
Korap, H. Levent (2)	+ -
Tucker, Pamela (2)	+ -
Acheampong, Daniel (1)	+ -
Afre, Gabriela (1)	+ -
Andrews, Christine P. (1)	+ -
Bachan, Sharon A. (1)	+ -
Baker, Paul D. (1)	+ -
Bird, Bruce (1)	+ -
Burns, Jeremy (1)	+ -
Castellanos, Juliana (1)	+ -

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