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Title: How the Internet has Changed the Face of Crime.
Creator: Norden, Sara
Abstract/Description: The Internet and the number of Internet users have grown quicker than anyone ever imagined. As people continue to venture into cyberspace and conduct more of their professional activities online, this has created vast opportunities for cyber crime. These offenses are comprised of new types of crimes and new methods of committing traditional crimes such as identity theft, property crimes, and fraud. The depth of cyberspace allows terrorist organizations to recruit, plan, organize, fundraise,...
Show moreThe Internet and the number of Internet users have grown quicker than anyone ever imagined. As people continue to venture into cyberspace and conduct more of their professional activities online, this has created vast opportunities for cyber crime. These offenses are comprised of new types of crimes and new methods of committing traditional crimes such as identity theft, property crimes, and fraud. The depth of cyberspace allows terrorist organizations to recruit, plan, organize, fundraise, and spread their message through propaganda and other digital means. Millions of people across the globe are affected by online crime every day. Cyber crime has become one of the most threatening and difficult problems for law enforcement, the judicial system and the public at large. Due to limited and often biased research based on small convenience samples, it is difficult to determine the full scope of cyber crimes. This paper reviews various types of cyber crimes and the Internet's overall effect on the evolution of crime.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: Norden_fgcu_1743_10021
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Human preference for the use of simple signals by dogs.
Creator: LeGros, Nicole
Abstract/Description: The domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) is one of the few animals that is capable of receiving and responding to simple human cues, which appears to be the product of long-term co-evolution with humans (Anderson et al. 1995; Itakura at al. 1996). Dogs require high levels of responsiveness in order to obtain and use simple human cues appropriately (Mckinley et al. 2000). For example, many dogs respond successfully to simple cues, such as an eye glance. Evolution of responsiveness in dogs may...
Show moreThe domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) is one of the few animals that is capable of receiving and responding to simple human cues, which appears to be the product of long-term co-evolution with humans (Anderson et al. 1995; Itakura at al. 1996). Dogs require high levels of responsiveness in order to obtain and use simple human cues appropriately (Mckinley et al. 2000). For example, many dogs respond successfully to simple cues, such as an eye glance. Evolution of responsiveness in dogs may have evolved in response to human preferences, although the preference for responsive dogs has not been determined. This study will determine whether humans prefer a type of responsiveness in dogs, i.e. the dogs ability to use simple cues. To determine if humans prefer dogs that use simple cues, we first videoed dogs from the Gulf Coast Humane Society that varied in their ability to utilize human cues. Videoed dogs were then paired; each pair of dogs consisted of a more responsive individual (dog that required less cues to complete a task) and a less responsive individual (a dog that required more cues to complete a task). A nation-wide survey was run in which participants were asked to compare and evaluate the two dogs. Results demonstrate that people prefer dogs that utilized simple cues whether they are evaluating a dog individually or in comparison to another dog. These findings are consistent with the idea that humans show a preference for a responsive dog. The evidence of preference identifies a mechanism that would promote responsiveness and facilitate the coevolution between humans and dogs.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: LeGros_fgcu_1743_10081
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Humanizing Heinrich Himmer: Power and Alliances in Transition.
Creator: Gottwalles, Sara Elise
Abstract/Description: Heinrich Himmler was known as Hitler's executioner, the Architect of Genocide, an evil genius, a murderous monster, and der treue Heinrich. But the Reichführer SS, once a sickly child bent on placating and pleasing all of those around him had a great deal of influence during his rise to become one of the most dangerous individuals of the twentieth century. His rivalries formed his political career just as much as his friendships--interestingly enough, the two lines often crossed. This work...
Show moreHeinrich Himmler was known as Hitler's executioner, the Architect of Genocide, an evil genius, a murderous monster, and der treue Heinrich. But the Reichführer SS, once a sickly child bent on placating and pleasing all of those around him had a great deal of influence during his rise to become one of the most dangerous individuals of the twentieth century. His rivalries formed his political career just as much as his friendships--interestingly enough, the two lines often crossed. This work examines Himmler's rivalries on his rise, and peak of power. Some would argue that his downfall was also brought on by his enemies, but the evidence contained in this work states otherwise. Himmler was the cause of his own fall from power with at the very most, mere assistance from an outside source. Himmler was naive, manipulative, easily persuaded, an obsessive people pleaser, and had a weak personality. These qualities and faults ultimately were self-damaging to Himmler. This work specifically focuses on Himmler's relationships with Göring and Heydrich, discussing his rise to power, and Bormann is studied in relation to Himmler's peak of and halt to power. The first two men assisted Himmler in his ascent, and Bormann, wavering between friend and enemy, quite literally acts as the preventative gatekeeper between the Reichsführer-SS and Hitler, and thus prevents any further ascent to power. By examining these rivalries we are able to get a better view into Himmler's mind and personality. Each of these relationships were quite diverse, and Himmler was able to gain various positions, knowledge, and experience. Hitler was supportive of rivalries within his Reich, and many of these have been closely examined by contemporary historians. What this work offers which has previously not been scrutinized is a close examination of the relationship of Himmler and Bormann. Though the thesis is dense through this chapter, its preceding chapters are vital to building knowledge of Himmler's interactions with various other leaders. Additionally, the Bormann chapter examines Himmler's ability to retain power until Bormann prevented his further ascension, subsequently leading to Himmler's fall from power. This thesis includes primary and secondary documentation from sources such as diaries, captured German records, memoirs, and monographs.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: Gottwalles_fgcu_1743_10085
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Identification, Assessment and Reduction of Fall Risks in a Community Dwelling Older Adult: A Case Report.
Creator: Frazee, Stacy L.
Abstract/Description: Falls can take a devastating toll on an individual's physical and psychological wellbeing. Falls are the leading cause of injury related deaths, disability and premature nursing home admission in people over the age of 65. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate how appropriate identification and multifactorial interventions tailored to a patient can be used to decrease fall risk in an older adult. The case patient is a 75 year old male with a history of 2 falls in the 4 months...
Show moreFalls can take a devastating toll on an individual's physical and psychological wellbeing. Falls are the leading cause of injury related deaths, disability and premature nursing home admission in people over the age of 65. The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate how appropriate identification and multifactorial interventions tailored to a patient can be used to decrease fall risk in an older adult. The case patient is a 75 year old male with a history of 2 falls in the 4 months leading up to the physical therapy evaluation. The patient's initial Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) score was 64.58% which puts him at risk for falls. An initial Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) score of 17 also put him in the fall risk category. The patient's Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score of 30 categorized him as having a moderate fall risk. The patient attended physical therapy to address balance and strength deficits. After 6 physical therapy sessions implementing static and dynamic balance interventions as well as lower extremity strengthening, the patient's fall risk assessment scores improved. His ABC score increased 2.82%, the DGI score showed a 3 point increase and the patient's BBS improved 4 points. Posttest results indicate a decreased fall risk in the patient.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: Frazee_fgcu_1743_10032
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) and Active Release Technique (ART): A case report.
Creator: Moore, Taylor Marie
Abstract/Description: Background and Purpose: ITBS is one form of presentation of repetitive strain injury (RSI). There is a gap in evidence based treatment methods for RSI; however ART is one method of treatment with emerging evidence. The focus of this case report is to describe the various mechanisms of injury to the iliotibial band (ITB) and theory behind ART as a successful treatment method. There is a need for additional research on the effectiveness of ART and additional treatment methods for RSI. Case...
Show moreBackground and Purpose: ITBS is one form of presentation of repetitive strain injury (RSI). There is a gap in evidence based treatment methods for RSI; however ART is one method of treatment with emerging evidence. The focus of this case report is to describe the various mechanisms of injury to the iliotibial band (ITB) and theory behind ART as a successful treatment method. There is a need for additional research on the effectiveness of ART and additional treatment methods for RSI. Case Description: A 24-year old female triathlete with severe pain (10/10) associated with ITBS and unsuccessful past treatment with corticosteroid injection. Outcomes: Subjective outcome measures included pain ratings; while objective outcomes measures included the Ober test and range of motion. No changes were made to the case patient's training load. Discussion: A patient with ITB syndrome reported decreased pain and demonstrated increased function after a 6-week treatment plan utilizing ART one time per week.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: Moore_fgcu_1743_10044
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Impact of nitrogen on microbial diversity and function.
Creator: Garcia, Juan Carlos
Abstract/Description: River bacterioplankton communities, influenced by watershed usage, are responsible for water purification. Bacterioplankton may be critical in the degradation of dissolved organic nitrogen: the major nitrogen pool in the Caloosahatchee River, Florida. We investigated how freshwater discharge influences estuarine bacterioplankton and how the freshwater-originated DON is utilized by estuarine bacterioplankton. Microcosm experiments were conducted during low and high discharge using two upstream...
Show moreRiver bacterioplankton communities, influenced by watershed usage, are responsible for water purification. Bacterioplankton may be critical in the degradation of dissolved organic nitrogen: the major nitrogen pool in the Caloosahatchee River, Florida. We investigated how freshwater discharge influences estuarine bacterioplankton and how the freshwater-originated DON is utilized by estuarine bacterioplankton. Microcosm experiments were conducted during low and high discharge using two upstream freshwater samples: one site primarily influenced by Lake Okeechobee and the other site moderately influenced by an agricultural watershed. These freshwater samples were filtered to eliminate indigenous microbial populations, then mixed with estuarine bacterioplankton. High-throughput sequencing revealed that bacterioplankton differed between low and high discharge and were influenced by salinity. Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated in low discharge while Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria dominated during high discharge. In the microcosm experiment, DON concentration decreased with increasing cell densities, suggesting that the DON was utilized as a carbon and nitrogen source. Band signals in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis corresponding to Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria decreased while Gammaproteobacteria increased during the 1 month incubation. This data suggests that estuarine bacterioplankton communities are influenced by variations in discharge patterns and use freshwater-originated DON as demonstrated by a shift in community structure. Bacteria in the genus Nitrosospira play the vital role of converting ammonia to nitrite via the enzymes ammonia monooxygenase and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. Nitrosospira lacus strain APG3, isolated from Green Lake, Seattle, WA is a psychrotolerant betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacterium that can grow at temperatures as low as 4°C. Nitrosospira lacus is able to grow over a wide pH range (5-9) and like other Nitrosospira, is susceptible to high ammonium concentrations. APG3 showed the ability to grow at low pH and use urea which may allow it to survive more efficiently in soil environments. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the closest relative of APG3 is Nitrosospira multiformis (cluster 3). When using ANI values to compare APG3 to Nitrosospira multiformis, the ANI value demonstrates that they are related but different species that share less than half of their genome. Nitrosospira lacus is the first isolated cluster 0 representative. The distribution of Nitrosospira lacus like sequences reveals a habitat limitation to tropical and subtropical areas with a preference for waterlogged areas. The draft genome sequence comprises 3,107,181 bases at 272-fold coverage. The assembled draft genome consists of 84 contigs with an average size of 41,181 bp and a G+C content of 53.6%. The genome contains 3,147 protein-coding DNA sequences, 44 tRNA genes, and a single 16S-23S-5S rRNA operon. The genome revealed that Nitrosospira lacus represents a new species of cluster 0 Nitrosospira, which contains a slew of genes that allow it to incorporate nutrients from the environment. The genome of N. lacus when compared to other ammonia-oxidizing bacteria most closely resembles that of N. multiformis.The presence of hydrogenase and urease, suggests that Nitrosospira lacus may be able to meet its energy needs via alternative pathways. N. lacus also contains genes to cope with various degrees of stress, including detoxification, cold and heat shock proteins and oxidative and osmotic stress, copper, cobalt, zinc, and cadmium resistance. This unique genetic makeup may allow Nitrosospira lacus adaptability to a wide range of freshwater habitats.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: Garcia_fgcu_1743_10123
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: IN LAKE FLOATING TREATMENT WETLANDS COULD PROVIDE ALGAE CONTROL THROUGH UNSUSPECTED MECHANISMS.
Creator: Dettmar, Dana L.
Abstract/Description: Cultural eutrophication has been negatively impacting both artificial and natural water bodies by triggering (at times harmful) algal blooms. These blooms are typically controlled by algaecides, which can collaterally affect aquatic organisms thus further damaging the hydrosystem. Preventing point and non-point nutrient sources from entering hydrosystems may not be sufficient to prevent cultural eutrophication since internal nutrient loading is generally high. Internal loading can however be...
Show moreCultural eutrophication has been negatively impacting both artificial and natural water bodies by triggering (at times harmful) algal blooms. These blooms are typically controlled by algaecides, which can collaterally affect aquatic organisms thus further damaging the hydrosystem. Preventing point and non-point nutrient sources from entering hydrosystems may not be sufficient to prevent cultural eutrophication since internal nutrient loading is generally high. Internal loading can however be reduced, often at great expense, through i) demucking, ii) chemical treatment, and iii) hypolimnetic aeration. Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) are a new type of phytoremediation being used to reduce the impact of eutrophication. FTWs consist of plants grown hydroponically on a floating mat which uptake water nutrients from their roots. The nutrients become tied up in the tissues of the young growing plants, which tissues are then harvested before fully mature to remove the excess nutrients from the system to reduce external and internal loading. Nutrient removal performed by these FTWs is limited unless they cover 5-10% of the surface of the water body. However, most hydrosystems use a lower, e.g. 3% cover rate with often great algal control. Thus, poorly understood or identified mechanisms must be at play. A 2-year investigation was therefore led in three subtropical manmade urban ponds (Pond A, Livingston Pond and Collier Pond) of about an acre and located within the City of Naples, FL to examine whether the dense root network from FTWs’ plants, Juncus effusus and Canna flaccida, would i) have allelochemicals able to control algae, ii) offer diurnal zooplankton protection against predation so that nocturnal grazing would be intensified and iii) harbor beneficial bacteria able to remove water nutrients. For the allelopathy experiments, two methods were used: a liquid culture assay as well as an agar diffusion assay, both in which wells containing algae were inoculated with methanolic extracts from the roots potentially containing allelochemicals. Zooplankton presence/absence studies were completed by performing vertical tows underneath the FTW and in the open water column both during the day and night to explore their nycthemeral horizontal migrations. J. effusus and C. flaccida root microbial communities were characterized by extracting DNA from the biofilm living on root samples using the phenol-chloroform extraction method. The purified DNA was used for 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to compare community structure. Results showed that chemicals present in the two plants examined could either control algae (especially Cyanophyceae) but in some cases also enhance algae growth (especially Chlorophyceae). When inhibition was found, the agar diffusion assay displayed stronger inhibition than the liquid culture assay in which allelopathic compounds were diluted in liquid medium. In Livingston Pond and Collier Pond, it was determined that zooplankton did not utilize the root systems of FTWs, which is typical of subtropical systems. The bacterial community of Pond A FTWs was typical of oxic as well as anoxic and even anaerobic environments despite the presence of dissolved oxygen in the water underneath the FTWs. Based on the microbial community composition, it is hypothesized that the microbial biofilm growing on the root changed from oxic, to anoxic and anaerobic from its surface to its basal layer. Thus, FTW biofilms provide an environment in which major biologically mediated reactions could potentially occur (e.g. nitrification, denitrification, and sulfate reduction). Based on the results of this study it appears that FTWs have potential mechanisms to control algae growth aside from nutrient uptake. Allelopathy and a microenvironment prone to degradation were such mechanisms but more investigation should be conducted to fully understand the net algal control and impact on nutrient cycling. Future research should include the investigation of these parameters on FTWs in different hydrosystems to determine if the findings of this study are common for all FTWs, or if each FTW provides its own unique environment.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: Dettmar_fgcu_1743_10148
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Indirect effects of freshwater discharges on seagrass beds in Southwest Florida: Mesograzers as mediators of epiphyte growth?.
Creator: Behlmer, Thomas
Abstract/Description: Seagrass beds in the Caloosahatchee Estuary have declined with increased human development in the watershed, which has altered the timing and volume of freshwater and nutrient inputs. Overgrowth of epiphytic algae may contribute to seagrass declines. Small invertebrate grazers (mesograzers) are thought to aid seagrass through removal of excess epiphytes. The goal of this study is to look at the indirect impacts of freshwater releases on seagrass health in the CRE, as mediated by increased...
Show moreSeagrass beds in the Caloosahatchee Estuary have declined with increased human development in the watershed, which has altered the timing and volume of freshwater and nutrient inputs. Overgrowth of epiphytic algae may contribute to seagrass declines. Small invertebrate grazers (mesograzers) are thought to aid seagrass through removal of excess epiphytes. The goal of this study is to look at the indirect impacts of freshwater releases on seagrass health in the CRE, as mediated by increased nutrients and reduced mesograzer abundance and diversity. To do this we recorded seagrass abundance, epiphyte levels, and mesograzer abundance bimonthly for two years at two sites in the Caloosahatchee Estuary. We then compared these responses to seasonal and site variations in salinity related to freshwater discharges. Seagrass was most abundant at the highest salinity site and during the summer months. Epiphyte levels did not exhibit a clear seasonal or salinity-related pattern but showed interesting correlations with mesograzer abundance. Mesograzer species richness was positively correlated with salinity at all sites. Multivariate data analysis found a clear separation between sites, except during the wet season of 2013, where grazer community structure was heavily impacted at both sites. Because prior studies have demonstrated a link between mesograzer richness and epiphyte grazing efficacy, we propose that reductions in mesograzer diversity by high freshwater discharge events could exacerbate problems of epiphyte overgrowth. Understanding these impacts can aid in improving water management plans for the Caloosahatchee Estuary in order to protect its valuable seagrass beds.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: Behlmer_fgcu_1743_10202
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Influence of Freshwater Inflow on the Abundance and Distribution of Decapod Zooplankton in the Caloosahatchee River, Florida.
Creator: Cook, Jaime Elizabeth
Abstract/Description: In order to understand the influence of variable freshwater inflow to estuaries and subsequent fluctuations in salinity on zooplankton community structure and larval recruitment, the distribution and abundance of decapod crustacean larvae in the Caloosahatchee River and Estuary, Florida were quantified using monthly plankton tows for two years. Larvae preferring high salinities (Callinectes sapidus, Dissodactylus spp., Menippe mercenaria, Petrolisthes armatus, and Pinnotheres maculatus) were...
Show moreIn order to understand the influence of variable freshwater inflow to estuaries and subsequent fluctuations in salinity on zooplankton community structure and larval recruitment, the distribution and abundance of decapod crustacean larvae in the Caloosahatchee River and Estuary, Florida were quantified using monthly plankton tows for two years. Larvae preferring high salinities (Callinectes sapidus, Dissodactylus spp., Menippe mercenaria, Petrolisthes armatus, and Pinnotheres maculatus) were concentrated near the mouth of the river; euryhaline larvae (Eurypanopeus depressus and Panopeus spp.) occurred abundantly throughout the river; and the low-salinity species Rhithropanopeus harrisii was found upstream. Total larval abundance peaked in late-spring, prior to the onset of the wet season. Additionally, C. sapidus, E. depressus, M. mercenaria, Panopeus spp. and R. harrisii exhibited significant shifts downstream with the onset of the wet season. P. armatus was the only species to demonstrate significant changes in total abundance among calendar seasons, with significant increases occurring during the spring. Species-specific centers of abundance and total abundance demonstrated significant correlations with both average continuous inflow and daily discrete inflow for lags of up to 120 days prior to sampling. C. sapidus, E. depressus, M. mercenaria, P. armatus, Panopeus spp. and R. harrisii were negatively correlated with inflow. Center of abundance and total abundance of Dissodactylus spp. and P. maculatus were positively correlated with daily discrete inflow. These commensal crabs did not respond in the same way to changes in salinity as expected based on the other species surveyed. These results suggest the importance of considering the impacts of freshwater discharges on both the spatial and seasonal variation in larval supply within the estuary.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: Cook_fgcu_1743_10082
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Inter-rater reliability of the dynamic gait index for lower extremity amputation.
Creator: Bouquette, Renee
Abstract/Description: Background and Purpose: The Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) was developed as a tool to identify the ability of an individual to modify gait in response to various conditions, including: level walking, changes in gait speed, walking with head turns in the horizontal and vertical direction, stopping and turning, stepping over and around obstacles, and ascending and descending stairs. The DGI has been used to assess adaptation of gait in a variety of conditions; however, there has not been sufficient...
Show moreBackground and Purpose: The Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) was developed as a tool to identify the ability of an individual to modify gait in response to various conditions, including: level walking, changes in gait speed, walking with head turns in the horizontal and vertical direction, stopping and turning, stepping over and around obstacles, and ascending and descending stairs. The DGI has been used to assess adaptation of gait in a variety of conditions; however, there has not been sufficient research on the use of the DGI to examine a lower extremity amputee's ability to adapt his/her gait to changes in task demand. This study seeks to determine the inter-rater reliability of the dynamic gait index when used to assess an individual with a lower extremity amputation. Methods: A volunteer between ages 50-65 was recruited and videotaped performing the tasks on the DGI under the supervision of a licensed physical therapist. The video was shown to a gait panel, who established a true score using the DGI. Physical therapists were recruited as subjects to rate the performance of the volunteer on the video with the DGI. Scores were then analyzed for agreement using the Fleiss' kappa and the interclass correlation. Results: The raw score of absolute agreement was 39 out of a possibility of 80 (48.75% agreement). Fleiss' kappa statistic (-0.0347) was calculated using the ratio between the degree of agreement above chance actually found in the study (-0.0172) and the degree of agreement above what is expected by chance (0.4953). The ICC was calculated to be 0.18 (95% confidence interval: .043-.476). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the DGI may not be recommended for the assessment of a lower extremity amputee's ability to adapt his/her gait to changes in task demand, which may contribute to falls risk.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: Bouquette_fgcu_1743_10004
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Interactive effects of environmental stressors and the invasive apple snail, Pomacea maculata, on tapegrass, Vallisneria americana.
Creator: McAskill, Shannan C.
Abstract/Description: The island apple snail, Pomacea maculata, family Ampullariidae, is a large freshwater gastropod native to South America. P. maculata is known as a heavy consumer of aquatic plants. P. maculata was introduced to Florida in the 1990s and has rapidly spread throughout natural and man-made wetlands and waterways in the southeastern United States. Negative ecosystem impacts associated with P. maculata invasion include destruction of macrophyte communities via overgrazing, competitive exclusion of...
Show moreThe island apple snail, Pomacea maculata, family Ampullariidae, is a large freshwater gastropod native to South America. P. maculata is known as a heavy consumer of aquatic plants. P. maculata was introduced to Florida in the 1990s and has rapidly spread throughout natural and man-made wetlands and waterways in the southeastern United States. Negative ecosystem impacts associated with P. maculata invasion include destruction of macrophyte communities via overgrazing, competitive exclusion of the native Florida apple snail Pomacea paludosa, and the potential transmission of toxins and parasites to predators. Populations of P. maculata have been documented in freshwater tributaries of estuaries such as Mobile Bay, Alabama and the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida, and the snails may be moving into the estuaries themselves. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate P. maculata’s potential to harm macrophytes like tapegrass, Vallisneria americana, in low-salinity estuarine environments, 2) to determine how the grazer’s destructiveness might by moderated by environmental context (salinity, temperature, and the presence of other macrophyte species), and 3) to identify management and restoration strategies for V. americana to minimize the harm done by P. maculata. We accomplished these objectives with feeding trials and mesocosm experiments conducted under varying conditions of salinity, temperature, and macrophyte community composition. We found that increasing salinity lowered P. maculata grazing pressure on V. americana but increasing temperature increased grazing pressure. Herbivory on V. americana was not reduced and was sometimes intensified when other aquatic plant species were present. The results of two mesocosm experiments suggested that salinity and snail presence have a nonadditive, antagonistic, effect on V. americana. I.e., in the absence of snails the plant performed best at 0 psu, whereas when snails were present the plant did best at 5-10 psu due to reduced snail grazing. Due to the significant sub-lethal impacts of salinity on P. maculata’s grazing and health it is unlikely that the snail’s invasion will proceed beyond the lowest salinity portions of estuaries. These estuarine regions can therefore serve as a valuable refuge for V. americana populations, providing that effective water management keeps salinity below the approximately 10 psu threshold where significant direct harm occurs to the plants.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: McAskill_fgcu_1743_10133
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: INTERDISCIPLINARY TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN IN A PATIENT WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER USING BATTLEFIELD ACUPUNCTURE AND PHYSICAL THERAPY INTERVENTION: A CASE REPORT.
Creator: Reidy, Alyssa
Abstract/Description: Objective: To document the effect of interdisciplinary battlefield acupuncture (BFA) treatment and physical therapy (PT) intervention on reported outcomes for pain, disability rating using the Neck Disability Index and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, cervical mobility, and lumbar mobility in a military veteran with PTSD and chronic neck and back pain. Background: The Battlefield Acupuncture technique was created by Dr. Richard Niemtzow for rapid pain relief in 2001. It...
Show moreObjective: To document the effect of interdisciplinary battlefield acupuncture (BFA) treatment and physical therapy (PT) intervention on reported outcomes for pain, disability rating using the Neck Disability Index and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, cervical mobility, and lumbar mobility in a military veteran with PTSD and chronic neck and back pain. Background: The Battlefield Acupuncture technique was created by Dr. Richard Niemtzow for rapid pain relief in 2001. It incorporates the use of auricular semi-permanent (ASP) indwelling auricular needles alternatingly placed in a specific order at five specific locations on each ear. Differential Diagnosis: Neck pain with mobility deficits and low back pain with movement coordination. Treatment: Physical therapy intervention only for 10 visits, then 6 combined BFA treatments with follow up PT intervention. Uniqueness: Battlefield acupuncture is currently only available to veteran and active duty military personnel to manage acute and chronic pain quickly. Discussion: Functional outcome measures improved with combined BFA and PT intervention but did not meet the minimal detectable change to show significant improvement. This case report only documents the results of 3 BFA treatments with 2 follow up PT interventions. Limited access to patient records limit the ability of this case report to confidently add to the efficacy of combined BFA and PT intervention to manage chronic pain in patients with PTSD.
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Date Issued: 2018-04-23
Identifier: fgcu_ETD_0225
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: International Service Learning in the Health Professions: Perceived Value of the Student Experience.
Creator: Gonzalez, Jonathan, Larghi, Nicholas
Abstract/Description: The United States (U.S.) is more racially and ethnically diverse than in the past, and this trend is expected to continue. To produce a population of culturally competent professionals, many educational institutions have adopted the use of international service learning experiences (ISL). Although current ISL literature exists for fields such as occupation therapy, medical doctors, physical therapy, and nursing, gaps in knowledge continue to exist regarding the perceived value of the ISL...
Show moreThe United States (U.S.) is more racially and ethnically diverse than in the past, and this trend is expected to continue. To produce a population of culturally competent professionals, many educational institutions have adopted the use of international service learning experiences (ISL). Although current ISL literature exists for fields such as occupation therapy, medical doctors, physical therapy, and nursing, gaps in knowledge continue to exist regarding the perceived value of the ISL experience and how it relates to health care students’ career and school success. The aim of this study was to use a qualitative inquiry with open-ended survey questions, to investigate students’ perceived value of ISL experience on their career and academic success and capture the lived experience of the participants. Methods: Surveys were distributed electronically via Checkbox preserving anonymity and to screen for inclusion criteria. A total of 15 responses were analyzed to elucidate emerging themes from the data. A total of 12 themes were captured including predetermined categories pulled from research. Results: In all, students perceived ISL experiences to be valuable to their career success and educational progress citing improved cultural awareness, new world perspectives, and increased self -confidence as a result of their participation. Discussion: All 18 participants reported that ISL experiences affected their academic and personal lives positively. Students reported that their participation abroad helped motivate them academically and in pursuing their career goals due to a sense of new purpose. Responses also mentioned that their time abroad had exposed them to new cultural differences which students felt increased their cultural competence and had given them new perspectives. Conclusion: Results coincide with the body of literature surrounding ISL and how it affects students. The data suggest that ISL can be a valuable tool in the learning process for students and that student perceived service learning to be of great value to their future career success
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Date Issued: 2018-04-30
Identifier: fgcu_ETD_0233
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: International Service Learning in the Health Professions: Perceived Value of the Student Experience.
Abstract/Description: This thesis demonstrates that European civilians were direct targets for attacks during the 1857 Rebellion, that there were apparent gendered experiences for the victims, and that these killings were a result of the latent racial and religious tensions in India, which were deepened by the socio-political reforms introduced by the British. Therefore, through early imperial philosophy, racial and moral anxieties, and their own homogenization of and hostility towards Indians, the British caused...
Show moreThis thesis demonstrates that European civilians were direct targets for attacks during the 1857 Rebellion, that there were apparent gendered experiences for the victims, and that these killings were a result of the latent racial and religious tensions in India, which were deepened by the socio-political reforms introduced by the British. Therefore, through early imperial philosophy, racial and moral anxieties, and their own homogenization of and hostility towards Indians, the British caused themselves to also be treated as an entity by their enemies during the Rebellion, allowing for civilian deaths. British social and moral anxieties were responsible for not only categorizing Indians, but the British themselves, as "others" in India, therefore, strengthening the barriers between the "occident" and "orient"--to borrow Said's terminology--causing a lack of distinction between "civilian" and "enemy" in terms of being targets for attacks by the rebels. The marked categorization of people into groups--even if the groups were constructed with abstract boundaries--created a space for violent and gendered attacks on civilians during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
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Identifier: Larghi_fgcu_1743_10283
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: INTERVENTION FOR FOOT DROP IN A PATIENT WITH SUBACUTE STROKE: A CASE REPORT.
Creator: Ma, Cynthia
Abstract/Description: Gait deviations are a common deficit seen in persons with stroke. The purpose of this case report was to compare and describe the use of Ace© wrap bandaging and a posterior leaf spring ankle foot orthosis (AFO) as an intervention for the treatment of foot drop in a patient with subacute stroke. The case patient suffered a stroke in the right pons resulting in left hemiparesis and 2+/5 strength in the left ankle dorsiflexors as measured by manual muscle testing (MMT). The patient was...
Show moreGait deviations are a common deficit seen in persons with stroke. The purpose of this case report was to compare and describe the use of Ace© wrap bandaging and a posterior leaf spring ankle foot orthosis (AFO) as an intervention for the treatment of foot drop in a patient with subacute stroke. The case patient suffered a stroke in the right pons resulting in left hemiparesis and 2+/5 strength in the left ankle dorsiflexors as measured by manual muscle testing (MMT). The patient was instructed to ambulate 10 meters at his usual pace with a two wheeled rolling walker. Three trials of gait training were performed; first without the use of any dorsiflexion assistance, second while wearing a posterior leaf spring AFO, and a third time while utilizing Ace© wrap bandaging. Measures of patient performance included the gait section of the Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), gait velocity, cadence, and joint positioning at the trunk, the hip, and the knee assessed by the "Coaches Eye" Video Analysis software. The patient demonstrated a 2 point increase in the Tinetti gait score, improved joint positioning, a 29.4% increase in gait velocity, and a 16% increase in cadence while utilizing the elastic wrap bandaging in comparison to the results from the first gait trial, without any dorsiflexion assistance. With the posterior leaf spring, the patient demonstrated a 2 point decrease in the Tinetti gait score, poorer joint positioning, a .06% decrease in gait velocity, and no change in cadence when compared to the results from the first gait trial. This case patient performed best with the use of Ace© wrap bandaging during ambulation. Further study is needed to determine if this is consistent with the broader population of stroke survivors.
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Identifier: Ma_fgcu_1743_10096
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Intra-Rater Reliability of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Measuring Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Males Versus Females.
Creator: Ochs, Kierra Rachelle
Abstract/Description: Introduction. Obesity is a chronic and dangerous health condition in today’s population that predisposes millions of people to serious health disorders and premature death (Racette, Duesinger, & Deusinger, 2003). In the United States, the prevalence of overweight and obese individuals remains a serious public health problem, as more than one third of adults and 17% of youth in the United States are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). This major public health challenge requires the...
Show moreIntroduction. Obesity is a chronic and dangerous health condition in today’s population that predisposes millions of people to serious health disorders and premature death (Racette, Duesinger, & Deusinger, 2003). In the United States, the prevalence of overweight and obese individuals remains a serious public health problem, as more than one third of adults and 17% of youth in the United States are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). This major public health challenge requires the need for implementation of assessment tools and interventions in order to aid in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Several body fat assessment tools exist with varying levels of reliability. It is necessary to assess diagnostic ultrasound as tool for the assessment of body fat in the clinical setting. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference exists in the intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound between males and females when measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue. Current literature supports that diagnostic ultrasound can be used to provide accurate and reliable measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue (Bazzochi et al., 2011; Kopinski, Engel, Carlsohn, Cassel, & Mayer, 2014; Leahy et al., 2012; Pineau et al., 2009; Schlecht et al., 2014; Toomey, McCreesh, Leahy, & Jakeman, 2011; Wagner, 2013). Research pertaining to the intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound is limited and minimal research has been conducted regarding reliability between genders. Methods. Fifty participants were recruited to participate in this research study, including 25 males and 25 females. Participants had two anatomical sites (abdomen for both genders, thigh for males, and calf for females) measured for subcutaneous adipose tissue based on a previous study (Leahy et al., 2012) and measurements were made according to ISAK skinfold sites (Marfell-Jones et al., 2006). Each site was measured three consecutive times to assess intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound to accurately measure subcutaneous adipose tissue. Age, gender, height, weight, and ethnicity were collected from each participant for further analysis of factors that may influence reliability. Each participant was given an estimated body fat percentage based on the measurements taken according to prediction equations used by Leahy et al. (2012) and the participant was given his or her body composition classification according to ACSM classification. The collected data were analyzed with intra-class correlation for intra-rater reliability. Results. The results of this study indicate high intra-rater reliability when using diagnostic ultrasound to measure subcutaneous adipose tissues in both males and females. The results demonstrate a slightly higher ICC in males than in females when using the combined sites ICC, implying that when using diagnostic ultrasound to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue the intra-rater reliability will be greater in males than in females. The results also demonstrate a higher reliability when measuring the abdomen in females compared to males. A higher reliability was demonstrated at the calf site in females compared to the anterior thigh site in males. The results of this study indicate that the combined use of the two sites in males measured have a higher intra-rater reliability compared to individual sites measured. In females, the abdominal site demonstrated higher reliability than the calf site and was equal to the reliability of both sites combined. Conclusion. The use of diagnostic ultrasound in the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability for males and females. This research further supports the use of diagnostic ultrasound as an effective tool for the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue. In conclusion, diagnostic ultrasound has the potential to serve as a quick, safe, and reliable diagnostic tool for assessing the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue of an individual, regardless of gender. Further research regarding the reliability of the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue in overweight and obese individuals is necessary in order to validate the use of diagnostic ultrasound as an accurate and reliable tool for the prevention and treatment of obesity in the clinical setting.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: Ochs_fgcu_1743_10170
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Intra-Rater Reliability of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Measuring Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Males versus Females.
Creator: Hinds, Morgan
Abstract/Description: Introduction. Obesity is a chronic and dangerous health condition in today’s population that predisposes millions of people to serious health disorders and premature death (Racette, Duesinger, & Deusinger, 2003). In the United States, the prevalence of overweight and obese individuals remains a serious public health problem, as more than one third of adults and 17% of youth in the United States are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). This major public health challenge requires the...
Show moreIntroduction. Obesity is a chronic and dangerous health condition in today’s population that predisposes millions of people to serious health disorders and premature death (Racette, Duesinger, & Deusinger, 2003). In the United States, the prevalence of overweight and obese individuals remains a serious public health problem, as more than one third of adults and 17% of youth in the United States are obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). This major public health challenge requires the need for implementation of assessment tools and interventions in order to aid in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Several body fat assessment tools exist with varying levels of reliability. It is necessary to assess diagnostic ultrasound as tool for the assessment of body fat in the clinical setting. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference exists in the intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound between males and females when measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue. Current literature supports that diagnostic ultrasound can be used to provide accurate and reliable measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue (Bazzochi et al., 2011; Kopinski, Engel, Carlsohn, Cassel, & Mayer, 2014; Leahy et al., 2012; Pineau et al., 2009; Schlecht et al., 2014; Toomey, McCreesh, Leahy, & Jakeman, 2011; Wagner, 2013). Research pertaining to the intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound is limited and minimal research has been conducted regarding reliability between genders. Methods. Fifty participants were recruited to participate in this research study, including 25 males and 25 females. Participants had two anatomical sites (abdomen for both genders, thigh for males, and calf for females) measured for subcutaneous adipose tissue based on a previous study (Leahy et al., 2012) and measurements were made according to ISAK skinfold sites (Marfell-Jones et al., 2006). Each site was measured three consecutive times to assess intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound to accurately measure subcutaneous adipose tissue. Age, gender, height, weight, and ethnicity were collected from each participant for further analysis of factors that may influence reliability. Each participant was given an estimated body fat percentage based on the measurements taken according to prediction equations used by Leahy et al. (2012) and the participant was given his or her body composition classification according to ACSM classification. The collected data were analyzed with intra-class correlation for intra-rater reliability. Results. The results of this study indicate high intra-rater reliability when using diagnostic ultrasound to measure subcutaneous adipose tissues in both males and females. The results demonstrate a slightly higher ICC in males than in females when using the combined sites ICC, implying that when using diagnostic ultrasound to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue the intra-rater reliability will be greater in males than in females. The results also demonstrate a higher reliability when measuring the abdomen in females compared to males. A higher reliability was demonstrated at the calf site in females compared to the anterior thigh site in males. The results of this study indicate that the combined use of the two sites in males measured have a higher intra-rater reliability compared to individual sites measured. In females, the abdominal site demonstrated higher reliability than the calf site and was equal to the reliability of both sites combined. Conclusion. The use of diagnostic ultrasound in the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability for males and females. This research further supports the use of diagnostic ultrasound as an effective tool for the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue. In conclusion, diagnostic ultrasound has the potential to serve as a quick, safe, and reliable diagnostic tool for assessing the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue of an individual, regardless of gender. Further research regarding the reliability of the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue in overweight and obese individuals is necessary in order to validate the use of diagnostic ultrasound as an accurate and reliable tool for the prevention and treatment of obesity in the clinical setting.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: Hinds_fgcu_1743_10167
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Intra-Rater Reliability of Diagnostic Ultrasound in the Measurement of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue.
Creator: Juttelstad, Matthew
Abstract/Description: The rise in global obesity rates over the past 30 years is one of the most serious crises in the world today. Obesity is associated with many serious health risks, and the cost of medical treatment for obesity is estimated at approximately $150,000,000,000 annually. Medical professionals need to find methods to not only treat and to help prevent obesity, but quickly and accurately assess it as well. With dozens of body fat assessment tools of varying reliability and validity, it is important...
Show moreThe rise in global obesity rates over the past 30 years is one of the most serious crises in the world today. Obesity is associated with many serious health risks, and the cost of medical treatment for obesity is estimated at approximately $150,000,000,000 annually. Medical professionals need to find methods to not only treat and to help prevent obesity, but quickly and accurately assess it as well. With dozens of body fat assessment tools of varying reliability and validity, it is important to investigate all potential measures for use in combating the obesity epidemic. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the Intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound in the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Previous research has concluded that diagnostic ultrasound is a valid tool for measurement of total body fat percentage, but research on the Intra-rater reliability of the tool is limited at this time. METHODS: 75 participants were recruited to participate in this study. Participants had their body fat assessed in a Bod Pod prior to ultrasound measurements to further expand the data analysis. Additionally, age, gender, and ethnicity were collected to better assess factors that might influence reliability. Participants then had two sites measured for adipose tissue size based on a previous study (Leahy et al., 2012). Each site was measured three separate times to evaluate intra-rater reliability of the diagnostic ultrasound. The collected data were analyzed with intra-class correlation for intra-rater reliability. RESULTS: The ICC for diagnostic ultrasound in the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue was found to be .999 for the total sample at all three tested sites. Intra-rater reliability can vary between 0 and 1.0, where 0 represents no reliability, and 1.0 represents perfect reliability (Weir, 2005). Additionally, ICC was found to be greater than or equal to .993 at all age groups above 18 at all three tested sites, and above .996 at all body fat percentages from less than 10% to greater than 30% at all three tested sites. Finally, ICC was found to be above .967 at all three tested sites in all ethnicities evaluated, including Asian, Caucasian, Hispanic, and African-American. Overall, the intra-rater reliability of diagnostic ultrasound in the measure of subcutaneous adipose tissue was found to be strong in all genders, ethnicities, ages, and body composition types measured. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic ultrasound demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability in the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Given the previously demonstrated validity of diagnostic ultrasound in the measurement of total body fat percentage (Leahy et al., 2012), this research further supports diagnostic ultrasound as an effective tool for accurately measuring total body fat percentage.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: Juttelstad_fgcu_1743_10114
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Investigation of Trophic Transfer from Oyster Reefs to Predatory Fishes in Southwest Florida.
Creator: Wasno, Robert Michael
Abstract/Description: Reefs formed by the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica are ecologically and economically important in the estuaries along the East and Gulf coasts of the United States. Crassostrea virginica is a sessile benthic organism that plays a vital role in improving water quality in estuaries by filtering nutrients, sedimentary fines (microscopic sand particles), phytoplankton and pollutants. The resulting increase of sunlight penetration into the water column also helps promote seagrass growth....
Show moreReefs formed by the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica are ecologically and economically important in the estuaries along the East and Gulf coasts of the United States. Crassostrea virginica is a sessile benthic organism that plays a vital role in improving water quality in estuaries by filtering nutrients, sedimentary fines (microscopic sand particles), phytoplankton and pollutants. The resulting increase of sunlight penetration into the water column also helps promote seagrass growth. However, environmental value increases further when oysters and the reefs they create provide feeding stations for many species of predatory fish. These reef structures provide refugia for mobile benthic organisms that utilize the reef's interstitial spaces for protection, feeding and reproductive activities. These organisms are important as a food source for higher trophic level organisms, such as recreationally and commercially important fishes, that use reefs as feeding stations. Previous studies have shown that unique organisms are associated with specific types of benthic habitats, such as oyster reefs, seagrass meadows, mangrove root structure systems and mudflats. Habitats for particular organisms encompass certain characteristics such as physical structure, provision of food, substrate, hydrodynamics and hydrology that, together, determine their utilization by organisms. For example, species of mud crabs in southwest Florida belonging to the family Xanthidae are found predominantly on oyster reefs because of their ability to find protection inside the interstitial spaces between and beneath oyster valves, where they can endure the harsh environment created by inter-tidal exposure, and wave energy. For each of the benthic habitats previously mentioned, there are unique parameters that allow certain organisms to thrive, while others may struggle to survive. Unique organisms that have evolved to exist in a particular environment as their primary residence are usually found in the greatest numbers in those habitats. This presence makes them an indicator species for specific benthic habitats. However, many of these same organisms can be found in lesser numbers in several types of habitat as they could transition between habitats via tidal currents, swimming or hitching a ride on floating algae. This project investigated the link between oyster reef communities and the trophic transfer of biomass to tertiary-level predator fishes that were captured in proximity to isolated reef structures. A previous study using stable isotopes (Abeels et al. 2012), demonstrated trophic transfer of biomass from nutrients in the water column through oysters and several organisms that reside on the oyster reefs. By examining gut contents and identifying prey items classified as oyster reef indicator species, this extension of the trophic link can be established. From January 2006 through September 2006, sampling of fishes around oyster reefs was conducted using an entanglement net (also referred to as a gill net). A total of 294 fishes were captured for analysis of stomach contents. Of those fishes, 106 stomachs contained identifiable prey items. Within the gut contents, a total of 26 different prey item categories were identified. These prey items were then characterized using the Lima-Junior and Goitein (2001) Importance Index method of analysis. This method serves to rank predator diet composition of stomach contents to community prey assemblages of oyster reefs and of those from other benthic habitats. These fishes were captured in the Horseshoe Keys area of Estero Bay, Lee County, Florida from a specified area measuring 4 km2. This site was chosen because of the nearly complete isolation of oyster reef habitat from that of other habitats, such as seagrass. Results showed that prey items indicative of oyster reef residency belonging to the family Xanthidae (mudcrabs) occurred in the greatest number of stomachs (44%). Xanthids found in the stomachs of predator fish include Panopeus spp. and Eurypanopeus depressus. Other prey items deemed to be indicator species of oyster reefs, including Palaemonetes pugio (daggerblade grass shrimp), Alpheus heterochaelis (big claw snapping shrimp), Petrolisthes armatus (green porcelain crab), Opsanus beta (gulf toad fish) and Gobiesox strumosus (skillet fish), occurred in the majority of stomachs, contributing 53% of the overall Importance Index (AI). These indicator species contributed 48% of the dry season diet and 58% of the wet season diet for cumulative prey items of all predators. Results suggest that while the diversity of predatory fish caught in wet and dry seasons did vary, the diets of those fish did not differ significantly. These results demonstrate that several key prey items identified as oyster reef indicator species and found in the stomachs of predatory fishes contribute to oyster reef biomass transfer. Therefore these results identify an important ecological service provided by oyster reefs as feeding sites for a variety of transient fishes. Further studies could show that expanded oyster reef restoration efforts can lead directly to enhanced fisheries production and, peripherally with clearer bay water, to greater production of seagrass meadows. This, in turn, could greatly enhance the overall ecological production of estuaries such as Estero Bay.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: Wasno_fgcu_1743_10084
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: Is there a Relationship between the Timing of Early Mobilization of Patients Administered by Physical Therapists in the Intensive Care Unit at Lee Health: HealthPark Medical Center and their Length of Stay.
Creator: Wethington, Jason Douglas, Penly, David
Abstract/Description: Introduction: Early mobilization is defined as the delivery of physical therapy care as soon as a patient is deemed medically stable with physician approval. Early mobilization entails a variety of interventions such as range of motion exercises, bed mobility, transfers, and gait training with the goal of improving patient outcomes. The purpose of this independent research was to explore if there was a relationship between early mobilization, administered by physical therapists, and the...
Show moreIntroduction: Early mobilization is defined as the delivery of physical therapy care as soon as a patient is deemed medically stable with physician approval. Early mobilization entails a variety of interventions such as range of motion exercises, bed mobility, transfers, and gait training with the goal of improving patient outcomes. The purpose of this independent research was to explore if there was a relationship between early mobilization, administered by physical therapists, and the length of stay for patients in the ICU. Methods: Data was collected retrospectively through review of medical records of patients admitted to Lee Health: HealthPark Medical Center ICUs (open-heart, surgical, medical, thoracic) who met the inclusion criteria. Patients who received physical therapy in one of the four ICUs and the time-frame for admission to ICU, LOS in ICU, LOS in hospital were recorded. Results: Correlation was significant between LOS in the ICU and 1st PT evaluation for the Open-Heart ICU and MICU. There was not a significant correlation between LOS in the ICU and 1st PT evaluation for the SICU. Overall, there was a significant correlation between LOS in the ICU and time to 1st PT evaluation. The adjusted R2 value for the overall relationship of LOS in the ICU and time to 1st PT evaluation was .509. Conclusion: Time to the first physical therapy evaluation had a significant effect on LOS in the ICU and hospital. Further research is needed in this area to better understand the multitude of variables and their effects on LOS in the ICU and hospital. Future studies should also focus on identifying the correlation between ICU LOS and time to first physical therapy evaluation to collaborate the findings due to the complexity of the patients.
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Date Issued: 2018-05-09
Identifier: fgcu_ETD_0236
Format: Document (PDF)

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